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Chapter
1—The Nature of Morality
MULTIPLE
CHOICE
1. Which of the following characteristics
distinguishes moral standards from other sorts of standards?
a.
|
moral
standards are purely optional
|
b.
|
moral
standards take priority over other standards, including self-interest
|
c.
|
moral
standards cannot be justified by reasons
|
d.
|
moral
standards must be set or validated by some authoritative body
|
2. Choose the statement that gives the most
accurate description of etiquette:
a.
|
the
rules of etiquette are a fundamental branch of morality
|
b.
|
conformity
with the rules of etiquette is sufficient for moral conduct
|
c.
|
etiquette
refers to a special code of social behavior or courtesy
|
d.
|
the
rules of etiquette are backed by statutory law
|
3. Our relationship with the law is best
described by which of the following?
a.
|
To a
significant extent, law codifies a society's customs, norms, and moral
values.
|
b.
|
The
law is a completely adequate guide to the moral standards that we should
follow.
|
c.
|
The
law makes all immoral conduct illegal.
|
d.
|
Violating
the law is always immoral.
|
4. Which of the following is not one of the four
basic kinds of law?
a.
|
statutes
|
b.
|
constitutional
law
|
c.
|
common
law
|
d.
|
contractual
law
|
5. A proper perspective of religion and morality
is
a.
|
only
religion can tell us what is right and wrong
|
b.
|
it's
not true that morality must be based on religion
|
c.
|
religion
never influences people's moral beliefs
|
d.
|
without
religion, people wouldn't have a reason to act morally
|
6. When religion and morality are considered,
a.
|
the
moral instructions of the world's great religions are often general and
imprecise.
|
b.
|
most
people act rightly only because their religion tells them to.
|
c.
|
atheists
are likely to be less moral than religious people.
|
d.
|
in
practice, people who share a religion will agree on all moral questions.
|
7. The divine command theory implies that
a.
|
God
commands us to do whatever our reason tells us is right.
|
b.
|
God
forbids stealing because stealing is wrong.
|
c.
|
God leaves
right and wrong up to us.
|
d.
|
stealing
is wrong only because God commands us not to steal.
|
8. Ethical relativism supports the theory that
a.
|
what
is morally right is what society says is morally right.
|
b.
|
there
are no moral values whatsoever.
|
c.
|
morality
is relative to the goal of promoting human well-being.
|
d.
|
different
societies have different ideas about right and wrong.
|
9. When ethical relativism is put into practice,
it implies that
a.
|
societies
never share any moral values in common.
|
b.
|
in
ethics, sometimes the minority is right.
|
c.
|
we
cannot say that slavery is wrong if the society in question believes it is
right.
|
d.
|
as
societies evolve, their morality improves.
|
10. Accepting a moral principle
a.
|
is a
purely intellectual act like accepting a scientific hypothesis.
|
b.
|
generally
involves a desire to follow that principle for its own sake.
|
c.
|
means
you will never go against that principle.
|
d.
|
is a
religiously based act of faith.
|
11. The example of Huckleberry Finn shows
a.
|
one
should always obey one's conscience.
|
b.
|
when
in doubt, one should ignore one's conscience.
|
c.
|
we
shouldn't rely uncritically on what our conscience says.
|
d.
|
unlike
most people, Huckleberry Finn lacked a conscience.
|
12. Morality and self-interest
a.
|
can
sometimes conflict.
|
c.
|
can
never come into genuine conflict.
|
b.
|
boil
down to the same thing.
|
d.
|
are
in basic, irreconcilable conflict.
|
13. How did Aristotle view morality?
a.
|
It's
necessary for us to try to be virtuous or excellent human beings.
|
b.
|
Moral
judgments are true because God commands them of us.
|
c.
|
Moral
judgments are determined differently by each culture.
|
d.
|
It's
never right to help ourselves when we can help other people instead.
|
14. The code or principles of conduct that a
person accepts
a.
|
constitute
the whole of his or her morality.
|
b.
|
can
be distinguished from the person's morality in a broader sense that includes
his or her values, ideals, and aspirations.
|
c.
|
rarely
guide his or her conduct in practice.
|
d.
|
are
always attained from his or her religion.
|
15. The famous experiments by social psychologist
Solomon Asch show
a.
|
the
truth of utilitarianism.
|
b.
|
the
power of peer pressure has been greatly exaggerated.
|
c.
|
business
organizations put more pressure on individual integrity than do other kinds
of organization.
|
d.
|
even
temporary groups can pressure people to conform.
|
16. The authors use the murder of Kitty Genovese
to illustrate
a.
|
ethical
relativism.
|
c.
|
groupthink.
|
b.
|
bystander
apathy.
|
d.
|
the
paradox of hedonism.
|
17. If an argument is valid, then
a.
|
the
argument is sound.
|
b.
|
the
argument's conclusion must be true.
|
c.
|
the
argument's premises are true.
|
d.
|
its
conclusion must be true, if its premises are.
|
18. Good moral judgments should be logical and
a.
|
justified
by fallacies.
|
b.
|
proven
beyond reasonable doubt.
|
c.
|
based
on facts and acceptable moral principles.
|
d.
|
coincide
with what most scientifically trained people think.
|
19. Philosophical discussion of moral issues
typically involves
a.
|
the
revision and modification of arguments.
|
b.
|
proof
beyond a reasonable doubt.
|
c.
|
circular
reasoning.
|
d.
|
determining
what the majority thinks.
|
20. The following is a logical fact.
a.
|
All
valid arguments are sound arguments.
|
b.
|
All
sound arguments are valid arguments.
|
c.
|
A
sound argument may have a false conclusion.
|
d.
|
A
sound argument may have a false premise.
|
21. Choose the statement that is a true
reflection of moral behavior.
a.
|
Conscience
is a perfectly reliable guide for moral behavior.
|
b.
|
Peer
pressure has no effect on whether or not people behave morally.
|
c.
|
Bystander
apathy appears to result in part from diffusion of responsibility.
|
d.
|
All
moral behavior is motivated from religious faith.
|
22. What criteria concerning moral judgments
should we agree with?
a.
|
As
long as your conduct is legal, then it will be moral.
|
b.
|
If
you follow the rules of etiquette, your conduct will be moral.
|
c.
|
Moral
standards typically concern behavior that can be of serious consequence to
human welfare.
|
d.
|
If
your conduct follows the guidelines of professional codes of ethics, it will
be moral.
|
23. Which statement is true concerning moral
principles and self interests?
a.
|
Statutes
are laws applied in the English-speaking world before there were any common
laws.
|
b.
|
Philosophers
agree that morality is based on the commands of God.
|
c.
|
"Groupthink"
is a positive and necessary characteristic of all groups.
|
d.
|
Morality
serves to restrain our purely self-interested desires so that we can all live
together.
|
24. Which of the following is an accurate
statement?
a.
|
There
is a complete list of adequacy criteria for moral judgments that philosophers
all agree on.
|
b.
|
Professional
codes are the rules that are supposed to govern the conduct of members of a
given profession.
|
c.
|
Professional
codes of ethics provide a complete and reliable guide to one's moral
obligations.
|
d.
|
People
who are exclusively concerned with their own interests tend to have happier
and more satisfying lives than those whose desires extend beyond themselves.
|
TRUE/FALSE
1. In business and elsewhere, an action can be
legal and morally wrong.
2. For philosophers, the important question is
not how we come to have the particular moral principles we have, but whether we
can justify them.
3. Organizational norms always and inevitably
lead to groupthink.
4. Enron executives acted wrongly simply because
they broke the law.
5. If you do the right thing only because you
think you will profit from it, then you are truly motivated by moral concerns.
6. Ethical relativism is the theory that what is
right is determined by what a culture or society says is right.
7. If your conduct is legal, it will also be
moral.
8. An organization is a group of people working
together to achieve a common purpose.
9. Moral standards concern behavior that can be
of serious consequence to human welfare.
10. Rules of etiquette are always moral rules.
11. An individual does not have to follow the
code of one's profession.
12. Bystander apathy appears to result in part
from diffusion of responsibility.
13. Most people don't distinguish between a
person's "morals" and his or her "ethics."
14. Business ethics is the study of what
constitutes right and wrong, or good and bad, human conduct in a business
context.
15. "Etiquette" designates a special
realm of morality.
16. There are four basic kinds of law: statutes, regulations,
common law, and constitutional law.
17. In theory and practice, law codifies customs,
ideals, beliefs, and a society's moral values.
18. According to divine command theory, if
something is wrong, then the only reason it is wrong is that God commands us
not to do it.
19. Our conscience evolved as we internalized the
moral instructions of the parents or other authority figures who raised us as
children.
20. The paradox of hedonism (or the paradox of
selfishness) is that people who are exclusively concerned with their own
interests tend to have happier and more satisfying lives than those who are
concerned about other people.
21. In a broad sense morality is the moral code
of an individual or of a society (insofar as the moral codes of the individuals
making up that society overlap).
22. One of the major characteristics of an
organization is the shared acceptance of organizational rules by its members.
23. An argument is a group of statements, one of
which is claimed to follow from the others.
24. An argument is valid only if all its premises
are true.
25. According to Tom Regan, our considered moral
beliefs are those we hold only after we have made a conscientious effort (a) to
attain maximum conceptual clarity, (b) to acquire all relevant information, (c)
to think about the belief and its implications rationally, (d) impartially, and
with the benefit of reflection, (e) coolly.
SHORT
ANSWER
1. What is the divine command theory?
2. What is meant by "diffusion of
responsibility"?
3. Some philosophers distinguish between
morality in a broad sense and morality in a narrow sense. What is this
difference?
ESSAY
1. How do we develop our ethics? What are the primary sources for us to
develop our ethical position?
2. If religion isn't needed for morality, then
how can we know which moral judgments are best?
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